Human beings are tough on other species.
According to the National Research Council, Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1988 …
“In 1983, an estimated 17 to 22 million animals were used for research, testing, and education in the United States. In this case, ‘animals’ includes all vertebrates – namely, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. The majority of animals used – between 12 million and 15 million – were rats and mice. These quantities are a small fraction of the total of over 15 billion animals used annually for food, clothing, and other purposes in the United States.”
Also …
“Instead of using one of the 10 million pound animals that will be destroyed, different animals are bred for research.”
Also (and, remember, this National Research Council report is from 1988) …
“At present, the biotechnology industry in the United States purchases an estimated 11 percent of all laboratory rodents sold, about 5 percent of the swine, and about 2 percent of the rabbits and dogs, but few primates or cats (Theta Corporation, 1986).”
Farm animals are mostly excluded from U.S. Government oversight and are exempt from the Animal Welfare Act and APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) regulations.
The U.S. Government is a major user of animals for research, including …
1) U.S. Department of Agriculture
2) U.S. Air Force
3) U.S. Army
4) U.S. Navy
5) Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
6) Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
7) National Institutes of Health (NIH)
8) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
9) National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
10) Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA)
11) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
12) Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
13) U.S. Department of the Interior
14) U.S. Department of Transportation
15) Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
16) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
17) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
18) Veterans Administration (VA)
Kudos to the medical school professor who admitted …
“I know that half of what I teach as fact will be proved false in ten years. The hard part is that I don’t know which half.”
Buck Rogers and other scientists of the 25th Century are going to roll on the floor laughing at our miserable level of medical mastery.
Capt. Catherine Janeway (in an episode of Star Trek Voyager) said that the human race stopped exploiting other species and inflicting pain and suffering on them to further humanity’s selfish needs a long time ago.
Universal knowledge of Body Dowsing and Muscle Engram Testing could save millions of animal lives.
It could save millions of human lives too.
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'Below-Par Scientists & Their Below-Par Animal Studies' have 4 comments
August 27, 2014 @ 3:46 pm atomb
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August 27, 2014 @ 4:39 pm atomb
Hitoshi Okamura (“Clock Gene, Aldosterone and Hypertension,” Journal of Hypertension, September 2012) wrote …
“Shift works and irregular working schedule for long periods have become common in our modern society. Poor sleep patterns and hectic lifestyle compromise the body’s circadian clock system that controls rhythmic change of our behavior, physiology and metabolism. Chronic disturbance of this clock system has severe impacts on public health. To illustrate the importance of the biologic clock for health, we used completely arrhythmic mice obtained from the deletion of both Cry1 and Cry2 clock genes (Cry-null mice), resulting in the total loss of the circadian clock system. We found that Cry-null mice suffer from salt-sensitive hypertension. Analyzing the adrenal gland transcriptome by DNA microarray, we found a novel 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase (3beta-HSD) gene Hsd3b6, which is severely overexpressed in Cry-null mice. Further analyses revealed Hsd3b6 is expressed exclusively in aldosterone-producing cells and is under transcriptional control of the circadian clock. In Cry-null mice, Hsd3b6 messenger RNA and protein levels are constitutively high, leading to a marked increase in 3beta-HSD enzymatic activity and, as a consequence, to an enhanced aldosterone production. These data place Hsd3b6 in a pivotal position in which circadian clock malfunction is coupled to the development of hypertension. To translate this mice study to man, we identified the human HSD homologue, HSD3B1, specifically expressed in the aldosterone producing cells. Since single nucleotide polymorphism of HSD3B1 is reported to be linked to blood pressure and plasma aldosterone levels, further characterization of the role of 3beta-HSD isozymes in human hyperaldosteronism represent a new possibility in the pathogenesis and treatment of hypertension in human.”
Translation: If you’re prone to high blood pressure, maybe you should “get your shift together” and quit your night job.
The name “Graveyard Shift” says a lot.
Rotating shifts are even worse.
August 27, 2014 @ 5:48 pm atomb
Dr. Hitoshi Okamura of Kyoto University said …
“These data place Hsd3b6 in a pivotal position through which circadian-clock malfunction is coupled to the development of hypertension. Our findings raise the prospect of new ways to treat hypertension by treating disturbances in the circadian clock.”
August 29, 2014 @ 5:46 pm atomb
Heinz Rennenberg, Jiro Sekija, Lloyd G. Wilson, & Philip Filmer (“Evidence for an Intracellular Sulfur Cycle in Cucumber Leaves,” Planta, 1982) wrote …
“H2S emission from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) leaf discs supplied with L-cysteine in the dark is inhibited 80-90% by aminooxyacetic acid (AOA), an inhibitor of pyridoxal-phosphate dependent enzymes. Exposure to L-cysteine in the light enhanced the emission of H2S in response to this sulfur source. Turning off the light reduced the emission of H2S to the rate observed in continuous dark; turning on the light enhanced the emission of H2S to the rate observed in continuous light. Therefore, in the light H2S emission in response to L-cysteine becomes a partially light-dependent process. Treatment with cyanazine, an inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport, reduced H2S emission in the light to the rate observed in continuous dark, but did not affect H2S emission in the dark. In leaf discs pre-exposed to L-cysteine in the light, treatment with cyanazine + AOA inhibited the emission of H2S in response to L-cysteine completely. Therefore, only part of the H2S emitted in response to this sulfur source is derived from a light-independent, but pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent process; the balance of the H2S emitted is derived from a light-dependent process that can be inhibited by cyanazine. When cucumber leaf discs were supplied with a pulse of L-[35S]cysteine, radioactively labeled H2S was emitted in two waves, one during the first hour of exposure to L-cysteine, and a second after 3-4 h; unlabeled H2S, however, was emitted continuously. The second wave of emission of labeled H2S was not observed in pulse-chase experiments in which sulfate or cyanazine were added to the treatment solution after 3 h of exposure to L-cysteine, or when the lights was turned off. The labeling pattern of sulfur compounds inside cucumber cells supplied with a pulse of L-[35S]cysteine showed that the labeled H2S released from L-cysteine partially enters first the sulfite, then the sulfate pool of the cells. The radioactively labeled sulfate, however, is not incorporated into L-cysteine, but enters the H2S pool of the cells again. These observations are consistent with the idea of an intracellular sulfur cycle in plant cells. The L-cysteine taken up by the leaf discs seems to be desulfhydrated in a light-independent, but pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent process. The H2S synthesized this way may be partially released into the atmosphere; the other part of the H2S produced in response to L-cysteine may be oxidized to sulfite, then to sulfate, which is subsequently reduced via the light-depent sulfate assimilation pathway. In the presence of excess L-cysteine, synthesis of additional cysteine may be inhibited, and the sulfide moiety may be split off carrier bound sulfide to enter the H2S pool of the cells again. It is suggested that the function of this sulfur cycle may be regulation of the free cysteine pool.”
Translation: Sulfur, like its stepchild, selenium, has photoelectric qualities.
The optimum time to “sun your sulfur” for the health of your heart is for ten or twenty minutes between 11:30 a.m.-1:00 p.m.
The entire oxygen family (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium) has photoelectric qualities.